2024 Antiviral drugs list for covid 19

COVID-19 convalescent plasma with high titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with immunosuppressive disease or receiving immunosuppressive .... Suv for sale under dollar5 000 craigslist

The US Food and Drug Administration hasn't listed oseltamivir in its drug shortage database, but the agency did acknowledge "localized shortages" of the drug on Dec 5. Drug restocking date uncertain Antiviral therapy is an important adjunct to vaccination in the prevention and control of the flu and can reduce the duration of flu symptoms and ...Veklury is a COVID-19 treatment given intravenously (by IV or drip). Like oral antivirals, Veklury helps stop the virus that causes COVID-19 from making copies of itself in your body. WHO is eligible to receive Veklury? Adults 18 and over; Children who are 28 days of age or older and weigh at least 7 pounds (3 kg) AND who:Paxlovid is a swallowable tablet that stops the COVID-19 virus from replicating and progressing to a more severe state. Most recently, the drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults (people 18 and older) who are at high risk for developing severe COVID-19.Sep 12, 2021 · In a way, COVID-19 is a disease of two stages, says Raymond Schinazi, who develops antiviral drugs at Emory University. During the first stage of the disease, the virus makes copies of itself in ... Credit: NIH/NIAID. Researchers have identified a powerful combination of antivirals to treat COVID-19. Combining the drug brequniar with remdesivir or molnupiravir—both approved by the U.S. Food ...There are two antiviral medications that have been issued Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the U.S. FDA: Pfizer’s Paxlovid and Merck’s molnupiravir. Both treatments are in limited supply, and a prescription does not guarantee the medication will be available. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible after diagnosis of COVID-19 ...The NHS is offering new antibody and antiviral treatments to people with coronavirus (COVID-19) who are at highest risk of becoming seriously ill. See treatments for coronavirus for further ...Oct 21, 2019 · Here are 15 herbs with powerful antiviral activity. 1. Oregano. Oregano is a popular herb in the mint family that’s known for its impressive medicinal qualities. Its plant compounds, which ... Jul 5, 2023 · If you have a Medicare card, and are eligible, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme PBS subsidises the cost of oral antiviral COVID-19 medication. From 1 January 2023 the maximum that a pharmacy can charge per oral medication is: $30 for general patients. $7.30 for concession cardholders. State and territory hospitals can provide the oral ... Molnupiravir, an antiviral drug to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, is under consideration by the FDA for possible authorization. Merck. A Food and Drug Administration advisory committee voted ...- Mayo Clinic COVID-19 drugs: Are there any that work? I've heard several drugs mentioned as possible treatments for COVID-19. What are they and how do they work? Answer From Daniel C. DeSimone, M.D. The FDA has approved an antiviral drug called remdesivir (Veklury) to treat COVID-19 in adults and children who are age 12 and older.Reading time: 1 min (365 words) WHO has recommended two new drugs for COVID-19, providing yet more options for treating the disease. The extent to which these medicines will save lives depends on how widely available and affordable they will be. The first drug, baricitinib, is strongly recommended for patients with severe or critical COVID-19.On December 23, 2021, the FDA granted Emergency Use Authorization to Merck for it's oral antiviral drug Molnupiravir (MD-4482) to treat COVID-19. Molnupiravir is now authorized for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults age 18 years and older, who are at high risk for progressing to severe COVID-19 and for whom alternative COVID ...The FDA authorized two antivirals, Pfizer's Paxlovid and Merck's molnupiravir, for the treatment of COVID-19 in certain patients. Hospital Treatments for COVID-19. There are treatments for hospitalized patients with severe cases of COVID-19 that have been approved or authorized for emergency use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Antiviral drugs can help your body fight off viruses like COVID-19. Learn more about forms of antivirals approved for COVID-19 treatment. Feb 19, 2016 · Nucleoside viral DNA polymerases are the specific target of a number of antiviral drugs currently used to inhibit viral replication. Most antiviral approved drugs which inhibit a DNA polymerase are nucleoside analogues. They represent the most productive source of antiviral agents. These agents need to be phosphorylated to their active form. Jul 14, 2023 · developing a COVID-19 plan if you test positive to COVID-19. Learn more about oral antiviral treatments for COVID-19. Older Australians and First Nations people. If you test positive for COVID-19, you may be eligible for antiviral treatments if you are: 70 years of age or older, regardless of risk factors and with or without symptoms. 01595 743 393. NHS Tayside (open from 9am to 4pm Monday to Friday and from 9am to 1pm Saturday and Sunday) 01382 919 477. NHS Western Isles. 01851 601 151. Coronavirus oral antiviral treatments are also being evaluated through a study called PANORAMIC, run by the University of Oxford.On Sept. 27, Pfizer said that it was launching a late-phase clinical trial to test whether, in combination with another drug, its oral COVID-19 antiviral can prevent infection with the coronavirus ...New antiviral pills for COVID-19 recently authorized for emergency use in high-risk people by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration should give doctors an easier means of keeping people out of the ...Aug 15, 2023 · COVID-19 antiviral medicines are available to treat eligible people with COVID-19 at home. You must start taking COVID-19 medicines within the first 5 days of becoming unwell with COVID-19. When taken early in your COVID-19 illness, antivirals can help you stay out of hospital. These medicines are free for eligible people within 5 days of their ... Drugs that combat viral infections are called antiviral drugs. There are no effective antiviral drugs for many viral infections. However, there are several drugs for influenza, a couple of drugs for herpesviruses, and some new antiviral drugs for treatment of HIV and hepatitis C infections. The arsenal of antivirals is complex.Remdesivir has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2. 1. Intravenous remdesivir is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients aged ≥28 days and weighing ≥3 kg. In nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of ...Mar 6, 2023 · Ivermectin is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antiparasitic drug used to treat several neglected tropical diseases, including onchocerciasis, helminthiases, and scabies. 1 For these indications, ivermectin has been widely used and is generally well tolerated. 1,2 Ivermectin is not approved by the FDA for the treatment of any viral infection. President Trump's COVID-19 Treatment Includes These Drugs. October 05, 2020 6:13 PM. Steve Baragona. FILE - Vials of the drug remdesivir are seen at a hospital in Germany, April 8, 2020. The list ...Jun 17, 2021 · And if the history of antiviral research is any guide, the first drugs for Covid-19 will probably only offer modest benefit against the disease, Dr. Fauci said. But that would be a good start. The antiviral treatment remdesivir, sold under the brand name Veklury, was the first COVID-19 therapy to get full FDA approval, and, so far, it's still the only one. Although originally used in COVID-19 patients only after they were hospitalized, new data suggests it can be helpful in outpatients who become infected and who are at high risk for ...n engl j med 384;6 nejm.org February 11, 2021 499 Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 no trial lopinavir while they were unable to swal-low. The regimen for interferon (mainly subcuta-Remdesivir has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2. 1. Intravenous remdesivir is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients aged ≥28 days and weighing ≥3 kg. In nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of ...The most plentiful is the antiviral drug remdesivir, sold by Gilead Sciences under the brand name Veklury.First approved by the FDA in 2020 for COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization, Gilead ...Sep 1, 2023 · 01595 743 393. NHS Tayside (open from 9am to 4pm Monday to Friday and from 9am to 1pm Saturday and Sunday) 01382 919 477. NHS Western Isles. 01851 601 151. Coronavirus oral antiviral treatments are also being evaluated through a study called PANORAMIC, run by the University of Oxford. The quest for effective drugs to treat COVID-19 has been a priority since the outbreak of the disease. The clinical application of remdesivir has been greatly restricted by the need for intravenous administration, as well as unstable concentrations in plasma and variable antiviral activity in different organelles.1 Four neutralising antibodies (bamlanivimab, etesevimab, casirivimab, and ...01595 743 393. NHS Tayside (open from 9am to 4pm Monday to Friday and from 9am to 1pm Saturday and Sunday) 01382 919 477. NHS Western Isles. 01851 601 151. Coronavirus oral antiviral treatments are also being evaluated through a study called PANORAMIC, run by the University of Oxford.Griffin says that the development of direct acting drugs was hampered by the initial response to covid-19, which focused on repurposing existing drugs since that was a faster route. “Back in 2020, we had to try and find any antiviral that worked against this virus—that’s why remdesivir and molnupiravir was used, as they had been tried ...Ivermectin for Early Covid-19 Multiple medications in common use have been considered for the treatment of Covid-19. ... scabies). 3 The in vitro antiviral activity of ivermectin has been explored ...Who can and cannot take it. How and when to take it. Side effects. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility. Taking Paxlovid with other medicines and herbal supplements.19 Apr 2022 06:56PM (Updated: 19 Apr 2022 07:32PM) SINGAPORE: The antiviral drug molnupravir will be the second oral medicine approved in Singapore for the treatment of adult COVID-19 patients ...COVID-19. Pfizer. 3C-like protease inhibitor (Nirmatrelvir) / inhibition of metabolism of nirmatrelvir (ritonavir) Nevirapine. HIV. non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Nitazoxanide. Broad-spectrum antiviral.Ibuprofen, which is also known by the brand names Advil and Motrin, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). These types of medications can help lower your fever and minimize muscle aches from COVID-19, while also reducing some inflammation in your body. Ibuprofen doesn’t treat the virus itself, but it can make you feel a lot better.Dec 29, 2021 · New antiviral pills for COVID-19 recently authorized for emergency use in high-risk people by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration should give doctors an easier means of keeping people out of the ... Mar 6, 2023 · Ivermectin is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antiparasitic drug used to treat several neglected tropical diseases, including onchocerciasis, helminthiases, and scabies. 1 For these indications, ivermectin has been widely used and is generally well tolerated. 1,2 Ivermectin is not approved by the FDA for the treatment of any viral infection. There are two oral antiviral therapies currently available to treat Covid-19 in the United States. One, called Paxlovid, was developed by Pfizer and was the first oral treatment authorized for ...Oral antiviral treatment works by targeting specific proteins on the SARS-CoV-2 virus to prevent efficient virus replication within the host cell. Paxlovid and molnupiravir reduce the risk of hospitalization and death by 88% and 30% respectively, in patients at high-risk for severe COVID-19 when started early after symptom onset.Dec 22, 2021 · The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the emergency use of the unapproved product PAXLOVID for the treatment of mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) with positive results of direct severe ... If you have a Medicare card, and are eligible, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme PBS subsidises the cost of oral antiviral COVID-19 medication. From 1 January 2023 the maximum that a pharmacy can charge per oral medication is: $7.30 for concession cardholders. State and territory hospitals can provide the oral antivirals if you are advised to ...Wear a Mask mask. If you become infected with COVID-19, there are treatment options that may help reduce how sick you become. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has authorized and approved treatments that have already been taken by millions of people, reducing their risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms and keeping many of them out of the hospital.Dec 22, 2021 · The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the emergency use of the unapproved product PAXLOVID for the treatment of mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) with positive results of direct severe ... Mar 30, 2022 · Ivermectin for Early Covid-19 Multiple medications in common use have been considered for the treatment of Covid-19. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, ivermectin that was ... Remdesivir has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2. 1. Intravenous remdesivir is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID-19 in adults and pediatric patients aged ≥28 days and weighing ≥3 kg. In nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of ...Feb 28, 2022 · Collection of documents relating to COVID-19 treatments. The NHS is offering new antibody and antiviral treatments to people with coronavirus (COVID-19) who are at highest risk of becoming ... Apr 22, 2022 · Today, WHO made a strong recommendation for nirmatrelvir and ritonavir, sold under the name Paxlovid, for mild and moderate COVID-19 patients at highest risk of hospital admission, calling it the best therapeutic choice for high-risk patients to date. However, availability, lack of price transparency in bilateral deals made by the producer, and the need for prompt and accurate testing before ... We have now tested these three drugs in various cell lines (VeroE6, Vero76, Caco-2, Calu-3, A549-ACE2, HUH-7, and monocytes) infected with SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses (including MHV and HCoV 229E). The compilation of these results indicated considerable variability in antiviral activity observed across cell lines.Dec 31, 2021 · Two highly anticipated COVID-19 pills have been authorized for emergency use and allocated for shipment to states, but the supply is tight, and the rollout varies from state to state.. Pfizer's ... Nov 12, 2021 · The antiviral drug remdesivir, for example, is a polymerase inhibitor that works similarly to molnupiravir, and it has been shown to be effective against Covid-19, but it can be administered only ... Jul 28, 2022 · The antiviral medication Paxlovid has proven to be effective in preventing serious illnesses from COVID-19. Right now, only people with certain medical conditions can be prescribed the drug. Pfizer’s oral antiviral drug (a combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir tablets) is strongly recommended for patients with non-severe COVID-19 who are at highest risk of developing severe disease and hospitalization, such as unvaccinated, older, or immunosuppressed patients.Paxlovid is a swallowable tablet that stops the COVID-19 virus from replicating and progressing to a more severe state. Most recently, the drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults (people 18 and older) who are at high risk for developing severe COVID-19.COVID-19 convalescent plasma with high titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with immunosuppressive disease or receiving immunosuppressive ...Dec 2, 2020 · n engl j med 384;6 nejm.org February 11, 2021 499 Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 no trial lopinavir while they were unable to swal-low. The regimen for interferon (mainly subcuta- This drug has further been demonstrated to exert antiviral activity against Zika virus (ZIKV) in in vitro screening assays , but failed to offer protection in ZIKV-infected mice . Recently, Caly et al. reported on the antiviral activity of ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 . These authors demonstrated that a single ...Mar 12, 2020 · In February 2020, China approved the use of the antiviral drug favilavir to treat symptoms of COVID-19. The drug was initially developed to treat inflammation in the nose and throat. Aug 15, 2023 · COVID-19 antiviral medicines are available to treat eligible people with COVID-19 at home. You must start taking COVID-19 medicines within the first 5 days of becoming unwell with COVID-19. When taken early in your COVID-19 illness, antivirals can help you stay out of hospital. These medicines are free for eligible people within 5 days of their ... Mar 30, 2022 · Ivermectin for Early Covid-19 Multiple medications in common use have been considered for the treatment of Covid-19. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, ivermectin that was ... A Government spokesman said that the list of private doctors who have obtained COVID-19 oral drugs for prescription, namely Paxlovid and Molnupiravir, through a dedicated online platform has been published on a designated website today (April 26). The Government had earlier announced that the above two COVID-19 oral drugs would be provided to ...Estimates of COVID-19 deaths in the U.S. show that people from racial and ethnic minority groups are dying from COVID-19 disproportionately, and studies have identified racial and ethnic differences in at-home COVID-19 test use, vaccination coverage, and access to outpatient therapeutics. 14-16 Data has shown that compared to non-Hispanic White ...Dec 31, 2021 · Two highly anticipated COVID-19 pills have been authorized for emergency use and allocated for shipment to states, but the supply is tight, and the rollout varies from state to state.. Pfizer's ... Drug-Drug Interactions Between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) and Concomitant Medications. Ritonavir, a strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor and a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, is coadministered with nirmatrelvir to increase the blood concentration of nirmatrelvir, thereby making it effective against SARS-CoV-2.The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the emergency use of the unapproved product PAXLOVID for the treatment of mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) with positive results of direct severe ...COVID-19 convalescent plasma with high titers of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is authorized for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with immunosuppressive disease or receiving immunosuppressive ...Veklury is a COVID-19 treatment given intravenously (by IV or drip). Like oral antivirals, Veklury helps stop the virus that causes COVID-19 from making copies of itself in your body. WHO is eligible to receive Veklury? Adults 18 and over; Children who are 28 days of age or older and weigh at least 7 pounds (3 kg) AND who:1. How does Paxlovid work? Paxlovid is an antiviral therapy that consists of two separate medications packaged together. When you take your three-pill dose, two of those pills will be nirmatrelvir, which inhibits a key enzyme that the COVID virus requires in order to make functional virus particles.Nov 25, 2021 · The quest for effective drugs to treat COVID-19 has been a priority since the outbreak of the disease. The clinical application of remdesivir has been greatly restricted by the need for intravenous administration, as well as unstable concentrations in plasma and variable antiviral activity in different organelles.1 Four neutralising antibodies (bamlanivimab, etesevimab, casirivimab, and ... The FDA authorized two antivirals, Pfizer's Paxlovid and Merck's molnupiravir, for the treatment of COVID-19 in certain patients. Hospital Treatments for COVID-19 There are treatments for hospitalized patients with severe cases of COVID-19 that have been approved or authorized for emergency use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Results. At 405 hospitals in 30 countries, 11,330 adults underwent randomization; 2750 were assigned to receive remdesivir, 954 to hydroxychloroquine, 1411 to lopinavir (without interferon), 2063 ...Nov 30, 2021 · Molnupiravir, an antiviral drug to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, is under consideration by the FDA for possible authorization. Merck. A Food and Drug Administration advisory committee voted ... † Lagevrio and Paxlovid are oral antiviral therapies indicated for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who have received positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing and are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19. Lagevrio is indicated for the treatment of adults aged ≥18 years for whom alternative COVID ...Aug 22, 2023 · The Panel reviews the most recent clinical data to develop treatment recommendations for clinicians who are caring for patients with COVID-19. Antivirals, Including Antibody Products These sections summarize data on the use of antiviral agents for the treatment of COVID-19. demonstrated clinical benefit for the treatment of COVID-19, the Panel recommends against the use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 (AIIa). See Table 7b for summaries of the key studies that informed the Panel’s recommendation. Drug Availability Ivermectin is not approved or authorized by the FDA for the treatment of COVID-19 ... Oral antiviral treatment works by targeting specific proteins on the SARS-CoV-2 virus to prevent efficient virus replication within the host cell. Paxlovid and molnupiravir reduce the risk of hospitalization and death by 88% and 30% respectively, in patients at high-risk for severe COVID-19 when started early after symptom onset.Many medications are available to treat COVID-19, including oral treatments like Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir / ritonavir) and Lagevrio (molnupiravir). In late May 2023, the FDA fully approved Paxlovid for COVID-19. It’s the first oral antiviral that is approved to treat the condition. It was previously only available for emergency use.

Drug-Drug Interactions Between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) and Concomitant Medications. Ritonavir, a strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor and a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, is coadministered with nirmatrelvir to increase the blood concentration of nirmatrelvir, thereby making it effective against SARS-CoV-2.. Cherry gig

Antivirals are medicines that help stop a virus infecting healthy cells or multiplying in the body. There are antivirals available that work against COVID-19 and they work best when taken as soon as possible. COVID-19 antivirals do not work against other viruses like the flu. There are different antivirals for the flu.Ibuprofen, which is also known by the brand names Advil and Motrin, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). These types of medications can help lower your fever and minimize muscle aches from COVID-19, while also reducing some inflammation in your body. Ibuprofen doesn’t treat the virus itself, but it can make you feel a lot better.On Sept. 27, Pfizer said that it was launching a late-phase clinical trial to test whether, in combination with another drug, its oral COVID-19 antiviral can prevent infection with the coronavirus ...The treatments available for people at the highest risk of becoming seriously ill from COVID-19 are: Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir, remdesivir and molnupiravir are antiviral medicines. Sotrovimab is known as a neutralising monoclonal antibody (nMAb). Sotrovimab is recommended if nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) is not suitable. The quest for effective drugs to treat COVID-19 has been a priority since the outbreak of the disease. The clinical application of remdesivir has been greatly restricted by the need for intravenous administration, as well as unstable concentrations in plasma and variable antiviral activity in different organelles.1 Four neutralising antibodies (bamlanivimab, etesevimab, casirivimab, and ...Oral antiviral treatment works by targeting specific proteins on the SARS-CoV-2 virus to prevent efficient virus replication within the host cell. Paxlovid and molnupiravir reduce the risk of hospitalization and death by 88% and 30% respectively, in patients at high-risk for severe COVID-19 when started early after symptom onset.Historically, antiviral therapy has been available only for a limited number of infections, including those caused by HIV, herpes, hepatitis B and C, and influenza A and B. Drug companies and researchers investigated new and existing antivirals for potential use in treating COVID-19, and some candidates have proven effective in clinical trials.Jan 24, 2022 · The most plentiful is the antiviral drug remdesivir, sold by Gilead Sciences under the brand name Veklury.First approved by the FDA in 2020 for COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization, Gilead ... May 26, 2023 · There are two antiviral medications that have been issued Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by the U.S. FDA: Pfizer’s Paxlovid and Merck’s molnupiravir. Both treatments are in limited supply, and a prescription does not guarantee the medication will be available. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible after diagnosis of COVID-19 ... Antivirals are medicines that help stop a virus infecting healthy cells or multiplying in the body. There are antivirals available that work against COVID-19 and they work best when taken as soon as possible. COVID-19 antivirals do not work against other viruses like the flu. There are different antivirals for the flu.Abstract Background New treatments are needed to reduce the risk of progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Molnupiravir is an oral, small-molecule antiviral prodrug that is active agai...Ibuprofen, which is also known by the brand names Advil and Motrin, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). These types of medications can help lower your fever and minimize muscle aches from COVID-19, while also reducing some inflammation in your body. Ibuprofen doesn’t treat the virus itself, but it can make you feel a lot better.The NHS is offering new antibody and antiviral treatments to people with coronavirus (COVID-19) who are at highest risk of becoming seriously ill. See treatments for coronavirus for further ...Researchers are studying other potential treatments for COVID-19, including: Antiviral drugs. Researchers are testing the antiviral drugs favipiravir and merimepodib. Studies have found that the combination of lopinavir and ... Anti-inflammatory therapy. Researchers study many anti-inflammatory ... .

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